Forged by Failure: How the 1st Armored Division Rebuilt Itself Under Fire in North Africa
Most histories of the U.S. Army’s early armored forces soften the truth. They use words like “growing pains,” “inexperience,” or “early challenges,” as if North Africa were a learning retreat instead of a battlefield that exposed every flaw in America’s pre-war doctrine. The 1st Armored Division didn’t simply “adapt” in …